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Articles

Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025): Journal of Advanced Nursing and Health Systems Innovation (JANHSI)

STIMULASI OTAK NON-INVASIF PADA PENYAKIT ALZHEIMER: TINJAUAN KOMPREHENSIF EFEKTIVITAS RTMS, TDCS, DAN TACS

Submitted
January 24, 2026
Published
21.02.2026

Abstract

Latar Belakang: Penurunan fungsi kognitif pada penyakit Alzheimer masih menjadi tantangan klinis karena keterbatasan efektivitas terapi yang tersedia saat ini. Stimulasi otak non-invasif (Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation/NIBS) berkembang sebagai pendekatan terapeutik inovatif yang berpotensi meningkatkan fungsi kognitif melalui modulasi aktivitas neuronal dan neuroplastisitas.

Tujuan – Intervensi yang tersedia saat ini menunjukkan efektivitas yang terbatas dalam membalikkan penurunan kognitif. Stimulasi otak non-invasif telah muncul sebagai strategi terapeutik yang menjanjikan untuk peningkatan fungsi kognitif. Tinjauan literatur ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis bukti mengenai efektivitas repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), dan transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) dalam meningkatkan fungsi kognitif pada pasien Alzheimer.

Metode –Tinjauan naratif ini dilakukan menggunakan basis data PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Embase, dan ClinicalTrial.gov pada periode 2015–2025. Dari 95 artikel yang ditelaah, sebanyak 47 artikel dipilih sebagai referensi.

Hasil – Modalitas NIBS bekerja melalui modulasi aktivitas neuronal, peningkatan neuroplastisitas, serta perbaikan konektivitas dalam jaringan kognitif. rTMS menunjukkan perbaikan kognitif yang konsisten, terutama stimulasi frekuensi tinggi (≥10 Hz) pada korteks prefrontal dorsolateral yang terbukti meningkatkan fungsi kognitif. tDCS efektif dalam meningkatkan kognisi global dan memori, khususnya dengan stimulasi anodal pada area temporal. tACS dengan frekuensi gamma (40 Hz) meningkatkan sinkronisasi osilasi neuronal dan fungsi memori. Analisis meta menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kognitif yang signifikan setelah intervensi, dengan potensi pencegahan penurunan kognitif jangka panjang melalui penggunaan berulang. Namun, efektivitasnya bervariasi akibat heterogenitas protokol, perbedaan durasi terapi, serta keterbatasan uji klinis skala besar dengan tindak lanjut jangka panjang.

Kesimpulan – Seluruh terapi modalitas menunjukkan profil keamanan yang baik dengan efek samping minimal, sehingga aman untuk aplikasi terapeutik berulang. NIBS memiliki prospek klinis yang menjanjikan sebagai terapi adjuvan dalam penatalaksanaan penyakit Alzheimer. Penelitian selanjutnya perlu difokuskan pada standardisasi parameter stimulasi serta integrasi multimodal dengan pelatihan kognitif dan terapi farmakologis guna mencapai efek terapeutik yang optimal dalam perawatan Alzheimer yang bersifat personalisasi.

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